Lenovo Challenge Essay Sample free essay sample

What challenges did Lenovo face after the acquisition? The rise of Lenovo is based on two factors-internal and external. Internally. China opens her market and allows personal concern turning. Externally. U. S. and Japan leads the planetary selling and fabrication scheme. China has luck to plays an of import function in this industrial windstorm. Nowadays. Chinese company could raise enormous capital from its domestic market and put in oversea concern. such as Geely Automobile acquired Volvo. Lenovo is the innovator of such investing. And Lenovo show a good illustration that Chinese company and entrepreneurs could play globally. and play reasonably. It is merely 30 old ages that China opens her market. Although Chinese people and concern adult male have experience of planetary trading historically. the universe seems unusual after the state enduring 20 old ages war clip and 20 old ages political motion. The entrepreneurs need to larn the regulations of modern concern. And they need to larn how to run concern globally and survive from the rough competition. We will write a custom essay sample on Lenovo Challenge Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In amount. the capableness of the Management of Legend decides if Lenovo could last after the acquisition. It seems they did a good occupation during the last 9 old ages since 2004. at least. better than Dell. But to me. it is non good plenty. Challenge 1: Whether Lenovo could last from the cultural and operational merge? Answer: Yes. Due to the less channel difference ( Lenovo focuses on desktop. IBM focuses on Laptop ) . there is so less struggle in operation. Like the article cites: It is a lucifer made in Eden. And fortunately and respectfully. Lenovo adopt IBM direction without give major replacing for planetary concern. In other universes. Lenovo embrace American civilization and regulations for the company. It is wise but riskily. There are failure illustrations. such as TCL ( a Chinese transnational electronics company. In 2010 it was the world’s sixth-largest telecasting manufacturer ) went on escapades in Europe. but non rather success. The chief ground is the direction in Europe doesn’t work good with China head one-fourth. Lenovo moves its head one-fourth to New York State. It is a cardinal point of success. Basically. I guess Lenovo learnt from TCL and don’t want to lose the control of oversea direction. ( 12 hours of clip difference between US and China ) . It will supply Management of caput one-fourth a quicker and accurate judgement based on the selling motions ( U. S. is the chief market and way of laptop gross revenues ) . And how Lenovo survived from the civilization unifying? Lenovo gives its reply: â€Å"trust the other person† . Possibly due to the long term of IBM’s investing of industry in China. or history of Lenovo’s distributing of imported computing machines. the two combined Management didn’t have excessively much problem in working together. And they have one united end: to go better. Challenge 2: Whether the invention would decelerate down. quality would endure? Answer: No. The invention remains an acceptable velocity to run into industrial criterion. The quality doesn’t go down. but goes up. The increasing portion of Lenovo shows that the quality is accepted by consumer in marketing wise. Right now. Lenovo push its new merchandise â€Å"Yoga† . which is a taking construct in laptop. It has touch screen. high criterion constellation. Furthermore. Yoga can be folded 180 grade to organize a tablet. Lenovo continues IBM’s taking invention in laptops. I still retrieve the commercial that a truck runs over a Think tablet. and the laptop is still working! IBM uses to be the manner of laptop. It uses to be the most sure laptop chasing by concern individual. However. Lenovo meets Steve Jobs. And the ulterior one alterations everything. Right now. iMac dominates the part. Lenovo needs a interior decorator. or a leader to construct a light weight. lasting usage laptop to vie with iMac. It takes clip. But Lenovo has to make that. O therwise. it will stop up every bit Dell. Challenge 3: Whether the local trade name Legend could win credence of planetary market? Answer: Yes. The article spends a batch of paragraph on the trade name edifices. the schemes and hazards of Lenovo. It seems Lenovo did a good occupation. The replies are likewise to the first challenges. However. credence is non equal to urge. As I noticed in US market. HP. Dell. and Apple are still major participants. Maybe it is difficult for a foreign company to construct trade name value inside US comparing with domestic company. However. two things need to be done to do the alteration – a higher public presentation of laptop than industry degree ; a competitory monetary value. Possibly it is clip to near the 4th strategy- Lexus/ Toyota scheme. If it is so difficult to draw up the whole trade name value. it is easier to construct a luxury trade name. A trade name represents luxury manner and concentrate on concern section. The trade name will be brought out to vie with iMac straight. I am non certain Think tablet is a good campaigner. But Yoga is a good measure frontward.

20th century Latin America

In chapter thirty-one many different aspects of 20th century Latin America are discussed. After the passing of the 19th century Latin America was not only able to continue to function without creating a new nationhood but also able to stay away from warfare and conflicts that would destroy the country. The only major war that occurred was from 1932-1935 was the Chaco war between Bolivia and Paraguay. One unfortunate aspect was that there was violence in the country against peasant protesters and Indian minorities as landowners who were being killed while the caudilos were trying to keep their power. A theme of Latin America was the revolution in the beginning of the 20th century. This revolution was mainly about the political structure and governmental reform. With the population growing this brought about economic problems that needed severe change for Latin America to survive in the 20th century. The last theme of the chapter is through out all these political and economical problems facing Latin America they were still able to grow as a culture. This growth was in areas of painting, architecture, and literature. The Mexican Revolution, from 1910-1917, was the great event of the early 20th century in Latin America, though it directly affected only the one major nation (Stearns p.614). The revolution dates back to 1900 when intellectuals started to look at how corrupt Porfirio Diaz was as a leader. This soon spread out to more people such as urban workers and the peasantry. Their main goal was to get the economic side of Mexico back in their rule and not outsider rule such as the United States investors. The peasant leader was Emiliano Zapata who believed in "Land and Liberty". Pancho Villa was the Bandit leader who robbed from the rich and gave to the poor. After Diaz escaped Francisco Madero tried to become the new leader but people felt that he was not looking out for the working-class and he soon lost the revo...

Brief history of the telephone and communication network highlighting Term Paper

Brief history of the telephone and communication network highlighting major events and technologies from 1845 to the present including the major impacts of regulation - Term Paper Example ercial telegraph, the code used by the transmitter and receiver was still the Morse code but in this case a telegrapher closed a switch or telegraph key in a particular pattern of short and long closures that represented a letter of the alphabet at the transmitting end. A person’s distance of communication increased into thousands of miles, the time taken to deliver a message reduced to seconds and the amount of information was maintained in the limit of five to a hundred words per minute with the entrance of the electric telegraph and laying of the transoceanic cable in 1858. The first telephone was the magneto-telephone on which both transmission and reception were done using the same instrument. A speaker’s voice was converted into patterns of electrical energy that were sent over fairly long distances through wires to a receiver. The receiver would convert the energy patterns back to the original sound waves that the listener could understand. This system was more efficient and advanced than the telegraph since apart from providing long distance communication capabilities, speaking and hearing could be done directly making its use suitable for everyone. Its information transfer rate was only limited by the human speech rate. Today telecommunication uses the telephony technologies related with the electronic transmission of fax, voice and other information over long distances using systems that were initially associated with the telephone. The radio was invented in 1901 by Guglielmo Marconi. This was after Heinrich Hertz discovered the electromagnetic wave in 1888. Marconi had begun experimenting with wireless telegraphy in 1895. In 1906, the radio was built in the United States of America as the first commercial voice transmitting device that utilized electromagnetic waves. The invention of the radio opened up new opportunities for wireless communications. A wartime ban on nonmilitary broadcasting delayed acceptance of the radio until in 1920 when the

Social environmental accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Social environmental accounting - Essay Example The company has employed various internal management accounting systems and techniques in relation to the social and environmental issues facing it (Marinova, Annandale, & Phillimore 2010). One of such system includes acting responsibly. This involves Aviva insurance using scientific research on the social and environmental impacts responsibly and engaging in good governance and management of the organization (Dalal-Clayton & Sadler 2014). It is important for organizations to balance possible environmental, social and economic impacts, risks and opportunities across the economic, social and economic spheres. This is a highly complex task to Aviva, its managers and the society at large. The complexity that is brought about by this is made more difficult through the requirement to identify the significance of various types and even time horizons of the outcomes. There may be instances where there is a positive overall societal, environmental and economic outcome while other activities leads to a positive outcome on one side and negative outcome on the other. Organizations, therefore, face difficulties in coming up with strategy and actions to balance the environmental, s ocial and also their economic sustainability. Managers in Aviva recognize this and ensure that it is highly incorporated in the decision-making processed  making it to be within the organizations acceptable  behavior and impacts of a society (Burritt 2011). The second internal management accounting system is saving for various environmental projects. The organization through its management overseas the Aviva community funds to sustain the economic, societal and environmental aspects of the society (Docherty, Kira, & Shani 2008). The organization is also involved in the management of its environmental costs. The organization is increasingly becoming aware of their environmental sustainability responsibility in the society. This is considering that

Helen Of Troy Analysis

Helen Of Troy Analysis In this essay, we analyze and compare the icon of beauty, Helen of Troy in one historical source as well as one contemporary source. More specifically, we refer to William Butler Yeats poem, No second Troy and Wolfgang Petersens movie Troy. We compare the symbol of Helen in these two sources in terms of intertextuality, polyphony and ideology. In the following part of the essay, we first give a brief background of the ancient myth of Helen; then we compare the poem No Second Troy and the film Troy in three aspects; finally, we give a conclusion of our analysis and comparison. Background Helen, also known as Helen of Troy and Helen of Sparta, is a mythological figure in ancient Greece. Her myth finds its origin in the Mycenaean age and the name Helen was first shown in Homers poem. According to most prehistoric myths (e.g., Iliad and Odyssey), She was born in Sparta and was the daughter of Leda, queen of Sparta, and Zeus. Ovids Heroides indicates that Helen spent her youth in Sparta and had the classical physical education, such as practicing arms and hunting. When Helen came to her marry age, a number of kings and princes all over the world were enchanted by her beauty and sent in precious gifts to court her. In order to select an ideal husband for Helen without offending other suitors, Odysseus suggested to let all the suitors swear not to retaliate the chose one. In the end, Menelaus became Helens husband. After several years of their marriage, the young Trojan prince, Paris, came to Sparta for diplomatic reasons. Previously, Zeus asked Paris to claim the most bea utiful goodness and Aphrodite promised him the most beautiful woman. Paris then chose Helen of Sparta. Some historical sources state that Helen was abducted by Paris to Troy, while others claim that she was willing to follow Paris and to leave Menelaus. The abduction of Helen became the direct cause of the war between the Trojan and the Greek. The English dramatist Christopher Marlowe depicted Helen as having a face that launched a thousand ships. In Iliad, Helen actually regretted to run away and gradually discovered that her lover Paris was not as brave and capable as his brother Hector at all. The descriptions of Helen in the Trojan War were ambiguous and usually conflict each other. After the fall of Troy, Helen returned to Sparta and was back to live with Menelaus, as stated in Odyssey. Yet in the play Orestes, Helen left the mortal world and was taken to Olympus. William Butler Yeats (1865 C 1939) was an Irish poet, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1923. Yeats met Maud Gonne, an Irish nationalist in 1889 and ever since then, she became a major subject in Yeats poems. No Second Troy was approximately written around 1908 and it indeed refers to Maud Gonne. Troy, the epic war film directed by Wolfgang Petersen in 2004, was adapted from Homers great poem The Iliad. The film basically follows the story line in Iliad and re-presents the grand scenes in the Trojan War. It mainly features the characters of Achilles, Hector, Paris, Agamemnon, Menelaus and Helen. Analysis and Comparison Intertextuality Intertextuality refers to the relationship of one text to other similar texts, which shows the interaction among different sources. Both the film Troy and the poem No Second Troy are mainly based on the description of the Trojan War in ancient Greek myths and Homers Iliad, yet they all make adaptations to express different emotions. Yeats used the story of Helen as a background of his poem. The content of the poem is consistent to the mythology history in terms of its literal description that beauty causes a crucial war (Have taught to ignorant men most violent ways, With beauty like a tightened bow). However, in the original story, Helen was involved in the Trojan War and she regretted her decision when seeing so much death and sadness caused by the war. Since Yeats intended to compare the symbol Helen to Maud Gonne, Helens character in his poem was changed to fit in with Maud Gonnes personality. In Yeats poem, Helen takes initiative in the war and uses her beauty to her advantage ( Was there another Troy for her to burn?). The readers can clearly feel her determination and perseverance (Being high and solitary and most stern). Troys plot also has several obvious deviations from the book. Firstly, the Gods are not introduced into the film. While in Homers writing, the Gods actually played a key role in the Trojan War. For example, Poseidon supported the Greeks and Aphrodite was on the Trojan side to protect Paris. The omission of Gods makes the characters look more realistic thus become closer to our life and easier to understand; but on the other hand it cannot present a clear origin and history of each character. Secondly, in Iliad, later Helen discovered Paris cowardice when he dared not to fight to death with Menelaus and disgusted his behavior; while in Troy, the love between Helen and Paris was pure and sweet all the time. Indeed, Helen was even glad that Paris gave up fighting to save his life. Such adaptation is common in the context of intertextuality. These texts are built upon each other but they each serve different purpose and convey complex feelings. In our case, Yeats changed Helens character to show his sorrow caused by Maud Gonnes rejection and nationalism; Wolfgang changed Helens feeling for Paris to makes his character as well as their love more pleasant to the audience. Polyphony In music, polyphony refers to music consisting of different independent melodic voices. Borrowing this concept to literature, we define a text as polyphony if it organizes diverse points of view and voices. In No Second Troy, Yeats expressed both praise and criticism for Maud Gonne in the name of Helen. Before the poem was written, he had proposed to Maud for four times in total, starting from 1891, then 1899, 1900, and finally in 1901. Unfortunately, she refused to marry Yeats repeatedly. While Yeats was in deep sorrow because of his unfruitful love, he understood such behavior was rooted in Mauds nationalism and feminism (Why should I blame her that she filled my days / With misery, or that she would of late). Maud Gonne was a famous female revolutionist in Ireland. She wanted to resist British colonization and liberate Ireland; in order to achieve this goal, Maud took active part in campaigning for nationalism in Ireland. Maud is an unusual woman who does not want to enjoy in a pe aceful life with husband and children; she devoted herself to revolutionary activities in Ireland. It is her beauty as well as her determined character that attracted Yeats (That is not natural in an age like this, / Being high and solitary and most stern?), but her ardency in revolution also resulted in their lasting turbulent relationship, the source of Yeats sorrow. In the film Troy, the Trojan people, especially Priam and his royal families had mixed feelings for Helen as well. When Helen was first brought to the palace, Priam looked very kind and welcomed her warmly. Nevertheless, when later he was alone with Hector, he blamed him for allowing Paris to take her home. We can see that on one hand, as a father, he was glad to have such a gorgeous daughter-in-law; on the other hand, as the king of Troy, he did not want to see his country involved into a war. When they got married, the Trojan people gathered around to have a look at their beautiful princess; but later when the war b egan, Helen was blamed for all the subsequent death and sufferings. In reality, people usually do not have a pure and definite feeling for a person or some things, thus in literature, some works do not maintain a single voice and express opinions in several different angles. Helen is undoubtedly an icon of beauty, yet at the same time there are sins underlying such beauty; people also remember the tragedies induced by her. Ideology Ideology is one of the most important concepts in cultural studies. It represents a system of beliefs, and influence the way people think. Ideology forms the political and social relation in a society. The two sources in this essay show different ideologies in two distinct periods and places in human history. To understand Maud Gonne/Helens character in No Second Troy, first we need to review the dominant ideology in Irish society, which is based on conservative, capitalistic Christianity. Therefore, womens traditional role is defined as mothers and wives. They play a minor role in political and social activities, such as social reforming and the Irish revolution. Under this circumstances, Maud was an unusual women in her time (That is not natural in an age like this) and always bore a mind of resurrection; she was not controlled by the tradition in her society, but persisted in fighting for the freedom of Ireland and tried to stimulate high spirits among Irishmen. She cofounded the nationalist organization, Daughters of Erin and after turning down Yeats proposal several times, she married a fellow activist, Maj. John MacBride. In the movie Troy, the story of Helen happens in ancient Greek and Sparta. Its social ideology is indeed similar to that of Mauds society in terms of womens role. In the gender-stratified society at that time, women were usually powerless and can only subordinate to men. Helen, as an especially beautiful woman, was put in an even more disadvantageous situation, since her beauty was used by men and became her burden. Being a possession of men, she had no control over herself. In the movie, we can see that Helens destiny is much bound with the man she was with. In Sparta, Agamemnons rule resulted in a loose alliance since Achilles held a different ideology which is conflict to the dominant one and he always wanted to fight for his own. Under this fragile regime, Helen had a weak character and lacked conviction, thus she was easily persuade d by Paris to run away her husband and country. In Troy, Priams rule represents a good dominant ideology. People live in a harmonious society. During the war, Prince Hector encouraged his people to focus on the future of Troy instead of personal interests. In Priams family, Helen felt warmth, saw sacrifice and gradually she learnt to care for others. In history, womens personality is often defined by the political affairs at that time. In No Second Troy, Helen initiated the war and had clear aims; in Troy, Helen was involved in the war and failed to prevent the tragedy. Conclusion The two sources No Second Troy and Troy are both based on Iliad and other Greek myths about the Trojan War. The major story line is the same in both materials, with subtle changes tailoring to the audience and purpose of the material. The two works also show a mixed feeling for the character Helen. People admire and love her beauty but also regard her as the source a trouble in the terrible war. In addition, the figure Helen in Yeats poem and the film represents two opposite characters. In No Second Troy, Helen / Maud Gonne has a strong personality. She is open-minded, resistant, and unwilling to obey the tradition. In Troy, Helen is described as a subordinate to the men loved her. She is weak, following the flow and cannot take responsibilities. The two disparate personalities are mainly formed by the social and political status at that time. Although in both No Second Troy and Troy, women play a minor role in forming the trend of the society, Helen in Troy did not realize the right s of women and was totally helpless among mens politics and wars, while Helen in No Second Troy is not content to follow mens order and act as a good lady. Instead, she took her steps and fight for freedom for her people and country.

Erin Healy: A Designer Profile

Erin Healy from Florida is the new Queen in the Fashion Industry. She is the champion of the highly coveted â€Å"Top-International-Upcoming-Designer† award. This happened in her latest showcase of designs known as by her name. The designs are stylish and have magnificent accomplishments. They are sparkling, classic and worn easily which explains the reason of their preference by most celebrities. A good example of celebrity clientele is Whitney Thompson America’s Top Model winner. The fact that Erin has three kids does not deter her from pursuing her lifetime dream.She is indeed a rising star and a new amazing talent of style. Her pieces are lustrous and modish which explains their popularity. Her latest collection is composed of cool flirty minuscule dresses decorated by fine hairs and fasten flowers. Healy also integrated elegant tops without straps and camisoles corresponding with shorts as well as coats. She really borrowed from nature by using colors of natural fe atures, a bunch of foreign silk featuring animal stamps and textures. The above illustrations are an assortment of a few of Erin Healy Designs in a showcase.Her designs have gained popularity after she scooped the award. According to the upcoming designer, fashion is the gorgeous art that expresses a character and vigor of a person through dressing. She described Miami’s fashion as thrilling. It is full of style, a fit for everyone and it is fashion frontward. She discovered her talent in fashion design while she was still in secondary school. She started by designing own dresses and for friends. Her style descends from a lady with a passion of refined and stylish look.Her favorite models that she enjoys working with locally include; Jordan Healy her daughter and Erin’s friend Lauren Rossi both in Jacksonville. In Miami is Jesika Marcano. Responding to a question on design process, Erin says that is no distinct process. It usually advances from a simple idea that comes to the designer in strange ways like dreams. Immediately an idea comes, she sketches out before she even explores the fabric option. In other cases the type of fabric generates the design.Her favorite designers include; ad Ghandour, L. A. M. B, Coco Chanel and Eduardo de las Casas. Her designs are available at a private showroom Gallery in the Artistree and to her what matters most the confidence on the women that wear her design. The choice of Miami to showcase her design is out of love and passion for the place. She loves the residents, the culture and style. That is why she participated in the Miami International Fashion Week emerging winner challenge and made it to the three top finalists.Miami has helped her to develop her career in a very special way for it is here that her designs came to the limelight. The preparation of a fashion show according to the top designer involves some simple steps. First, develop the story, choose a photographer and settle on the location. Second ly, decide on the make up designers and hair style experts, and prepare a procession of models as well as casting. Thirdly, she will plan a decent and collaborate with other experts to accomplish the glance.Finally is to toil with a renowned DJ and fashion show expert to prepare a fun filled and memorable event full of classy and elegant features. Works Cited Gelhar, Mary. The Fashion Designer Survival Guide. New York: Kaplan Publishing, 2008. Henry, Christine. Emerging Designer: Erin Heasley. Miami Fashion. Retrieved on July 23, 2010 from < http://www. examiner. com/x-6350-Miami-Fashion-Trends-Examiners~y2010m4d5- Emerging-Designer-Erin-Heasley-winner-of-the-Best-International-Emerging-Designer- of-the-Year

Noun Phrase Premodification by Participles

University of Banja Luka Banja Luka Faculty of Philology January 2013 English Language and Literature Seminar paper Topic: Noun phrase premodification by participles Student: Mentor: Jelena Galic Dejan Milinovic Table of contents 1. Introduction 2. Participles in premodification 2. 1. ed participle 2. 2. –ing participle 2. 3. The difference 3. Possible translations into Serbian 4. Conclusion 5. References 1. Introduction This paper will briefly explain participles on the morphological level and give examples for both of them (-ed and -ing participles). Then it will show how and when they can be used in different semantic and grammatical structures. During the explanation of their use in a sentence, it will also mention the differences between them, by what they are different and also the exceptions when they can be almost synonymous.Of course, the translation of these structures, which are not common in most Slavic languages including Serbian, will also have to be explained. Sometimes it can be a word for word translation, but in most cases an additional effort is needed to translate the given structures. One of the aims of this paper is to introduce the morphosyntax learners to the possibility of using participles in noun phrase premodification. This is a rarely used syntactic possibility by non-native English speakers. Also, one of the aims is to show them how participles can be correctly interpreted and translated into Serbian.And last but not least, we have to learn about noun phrase in general and especially about its constituents because it is the most complex and important phrase in the English language. 2. Participles in premodification Participles in general are words formed out of verbs and functioning almost exactly like adjectives. There are two types of participles that we are concerned with: the present participle (which ends with –ing and is used to create the present progressive tense and the past progressive tense) and the past participle (which ends with –ed and is used to create passive).Of course, there are irregular verbs (such as go – gone, do – done, etc. ) which do not conform to these suffix rules, but the rules of using use are the same. 2. 1. –ed participle The past participle or –ed participle is often used in premodification and postmodification. It can be active and passive, but passive is far more used. For example: The passenger who has departed ? The departed passenger This first sentence cannot be transformed into the second one. Of course, there are exceptions. Some of them are: The vanished treasure A retired teacher Increased pricesHowever, if we insert an adverb, we can make a grammatically acceptable phrase: The recently-departed passenger A newly-born baby The latter example is also an example of statal passive or the passive of state (as opposed to the actional passive) which cannot stand without a modifying adverb unless it denotes a permanent fea ture of the noun, for example: A born musician A married man We also have participles that cannot be used with every noun. For example, we cannot say: He was a surprised person However, the following sentence is perfectly acceptable: He had a very surprised expressionIn the first case, we cannot attribute â€Å"shocked† permanently to a person since it is hardly permanent, but with nouns such as â€Å"expression† or â€Å"look† we certainly can. An important thing to remember is that not all premodifiers ending with –ed are participles. Some are denominal words, i. e. they originate from nouns and not verbs at all, for example: A wooded hillside A flowered yard But some of these cannot stand alone and need a modifier: A green-haired monster A one-legged puppet On the other hand, we also have borderline examples: A trained dog / A well-trained dogHere we can ask ourselves if the former phrase is semantically correct, since there is no concrete answer in li nguistics. 2. 2. –ing participle Similar to –ed participle, the –ing participle can also be used in premodification and postmodification. However, -ing participle tends not to show permanence as opposed to –ed participle. When it comes to –ing participle, we also have difference concerning the use of definite and indefinite articles. While the indefinite article is usually connected to permanency, the definite article is connected to temporariness. Thus we may find this sentence a little bit awkward and the one after just ine: The approaching train is from Liverpool He was frightened by an approaching train. We can also use the definite article for some kind of generalization: The beginning student should not be encouraged that much. The participle here, although we have the definite article before it, shows us that this statement applies to every student who is a beginner in that particular field, not that it is about a certain student. The defini te article can be intensified using the –ing participle after it, for example: A proposal offending many members = the offending proposal This intensifies both the noun and the adjective/participle. . 3. The difference Now, if we want to differentiate –ed and –ing participles, we can easily do that through these examples: I am very bored in class ? I am very boring in class The former sentence means that I find the class boring and the latter one means that I am boring, i. e. that I make people in class bored. In other words, -ed denotes a condition or a feeling and -ing denotes action or a characteristic of a person or thing. The best way to show the difference is to use both participles/adjectives in the same sentence: I am annoyed by how annoying that person is. She was confused by the confusing instruction.Of course, it is unlikely that we will hear these kinds of sentences since these adjectives seem redundant in the same sentence, but they are good example s for this matter. Also, there are cases where participles in premodification show that the characteristic given to the noun is permanent or attached only to the time of speaking: We caught the falling tiles. The fallen tiles remained intact. In this case, the –ing participle shows simultaneity of the verb and the feature. However, in the second sentence it shows that the action has already finished when the noun gained the feature.When it comes to differences, it is very important to remember that not all participle-like words are actually participles. At the beginning of this chapter it is stated that participles function almost exactly as adjectives. That is true but only to a certain extent. According to Laczko, there is no unique set of rules for analyzing participle-like premodifiers in a noun phrase: there has to be one for true –ing and –ed participles and the other one for participles converted into adjectives. 3. Possible translations into Serbian Tran slating is one of the skills that are pretty hard to master.Not everyone is a born translator. However, some things follow a pattern while being translated. Premodification in noun phrase is one of those things. Since Serbian does not have a strict word order and Serbian noun phrases differ from the English ones, we mostly have to seek for another way of translating sentences. To make it easier, as it is already mentioned, sample sentences will be used. There are phrases structured as the following ones: The vanished treasure = Blago koje je nestalo/Nestalo blago Increased prices = Cijene koje su u porastuA retired teacher = Penziosani ucitelj/Ucitelj koji se penzionisao As we can see, in almost every case we can translate –ed participle with a relative clause in Serbian that starts with â€Å"koji/koje/koja†. Then, we have phrases we can translate word for word: A born musician = Rodeni muzicar A married man = Ozenjeni covjek There is a similarity between English and Serbian in the following two sentences: He was a surprised person = Bio je iznenadena osoba He had a very surprised expression = Imao je veoma iznenaden izraz lica In both of these languages, there is something off with the first sentence, whereas the second one sounds natural.However, there are many phrases where our only option is descriptive translation. A green-haired monster = Cudoviste sa zelenom kosom A one-legged puppet = Lutak s jednom nogom The translation of –ing premodified noun phrases is somewhat similar to the translation of the –ed premodified noun phrases. But there are cases where a sentence in Serbian sounds natural although its English equivalent sounds wrong. The approaching train is from Liverpool = Voz koji se pribizava je iz Liverpula However, we also have phrases that are three words long in English and one in Serbian:The beginning student should not be encouraged that much. = Pocetnik ne treba toliko da se ohrabruje All this shows that a lot o f factors influence the translation. We have to pay attention to words as well to semantics, syntax, etc. Nothing is to be neglected. Conclusion Through the examples that are presented in this paper, the basics of the use of participles in noun phrase premodification should be explained. Although the area of participles themselves, that is, of their use, was tapped into, it is essential to know the basic difference between the present and the past participle.Without knowing that, there is no way to correctly construct a noun phrase. The other thing emphasized here is the translation of the premodifiers. It is essential to know how to draw parallels between two languages for all English as Second Language learners. Also, it is important for us to practice transferring our â€Å"sense for language† from our mother tongue to English. References 1. Quirk and S. Greenbaum. A University Grammar of English. London: Longman, 1973 2. Quirk, Greenbaum and Others. A Comprehensive Gramma r of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985 3. Tibor Laczko.Another look at participles and adjectives in the English DP. Hong Kong: CSLI Publications, 2001 ——————————————– [ 2 ]. Quirk, Greenbaum and Others. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language (London: Longman, 1985) [ 3 ]. ibid [ 4 ]. ibid [ 5 ]. Quirk and S. Greenbaum. A University Grammar of English. (London: Longman, 1973) [ 6 ]. Quirk, Greenbaum and Others. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language (London: Longman, 1985) [ 7 ]. Tibor Laczko. Another look at participles and adjectives in the English DP. (Hong Kong: CSLI Publications, 2001)